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6 India’s refusal to participate in the first and second ‘One Belt One Road’ ( OBOR) Forums has been interpreted as India being against the BRI. Some commentators claim that India views the BRI through the revisionist prism wherein surplus Chinese capital is seen merely as a tool to strategically encircle its neighbours. Some view it through a pragmatic lens emphasising on BRI’s potential to bring in economic development (with large investments being made in building infrastructure) in their respective territories. 5 Some countries adopt a utilitarian view of BRI and assess it as an economic necessity required to balance China’s manufacturing surplus. Internationally, the BRI is viewed through three different lenses-utilitarian, pragmatic and revisionist. 4 China shares its borders with several countries and an initiative connecting its neighbourhood and beyond enables it to achieve its economic, diplomatic and strategic goals effectively and efficiently. From a strategic point of view, the BRI seeks to break through China’s security dilemma, assume the responsibilities of a major country and reflect its soft power in the international community. 3 The BRI can also be viewed as China using its infrastructural, intellectual and financial advantage to forge stronger diplomatic ties with certain capital-importing countries. From a diplomatic point of view, the BRI is one of the pillars of China’s grand diplomacy featuring two pillars and one circle (peripheral diplomacy). It aims to tackle China’s manufacturing surplus and provide an impetus to the economic growth of backward regions in China. 1 From an economic point of view, the BRI is a grand plan that is seen as China’s response to the Trans-Pacific Partnership ( TPP) and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership ( TTIP) and one that aims to place China as the world leader 2 surpassing the United States (US). The BRI has two main components: the land component, China’s Silk Road Economic Belt ( SREB) and the Maritime Silk Road ( MSR) that proposes to link China’s coast with South East Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, Africa extending to Europe. The Belt and Road Initiative ( BRI) is often described as a mega construction project comprising roads, ports and bridges, and as a grand connectivity plan integrating physical territory, cyberspace and financial arena covering several countries with China at its heart.